This is another project on global biogeography carried out in collaboration with an international team of ecologists. Biotic interactions play an important role in shaping the geographic distribution of species and diversity patterns. However, the role of mutualistic interactions in shaping global patterns of plant diversity has been poorly understood, especially with regard to interactions with invertebrates. In this paper, we performed a biogeographic analysis of three different mutualisms between ants and plants, distinguishing between plants that have domatia, extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) and elaiosomes, based on the complex geographic distribution of ~ 19,000 flowering plants and ~ 13,000 ant species. Mean annual temperature and precipitation are the strongest predictors of ant-associated plant diversity.

Abstract

Biotic interactions play an important role in shaping species geographic distributions and diversity patterns. However, the role of mutualistic interactions in shaping global plant diversity patterns remains poorly understood, particularly with respect to interactions with invertebrates. It is unclear how the nature of different mutualisms interacts with abiotic drivers and affects the distribution of mutualistic organisms. Here, we present a global-scale biogeographic analysis of three distinct ant-plant mutualisms, differentiating between plants bearing domatia, extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), and elaiosomes, based on comprehensive geographic distributions of ~ 19000 flowering plants and ~ 13000 ant species. Domatia and extrafloral nectaries involve indirect plant defenses provided by ants, while elaiosomes attract ants to disperse seeds. Our results reveal distinct biogeographic patterns of different ant-plant mutualisms, with domatium- and EFN-bearing plant diversity decreasing sharply from the equator toward the poles, while elaiosome-bearing plants prevail at mid-latitudes. Present climate, especially mean annual temperature and precipitation, emerge as the strongest predictors of ant-associated plant diversity. In hot and moist regions, typically the tropics, the representation of EFN-bearing plants increases with the proportion of potential ant partners while domatium-bearing plants show no correlation with ants. In dry regions, plants with elaiosomes are strongly linked to interacting ant seed dispersers. Our results suggest that ants in combination with climate drive the spatial variation of plants bearing domatia, extrafloral nectaries, and elaiosomes, highlighting the importance of mutualistic interactions for understanding plant biogeography.

Luo Y., Taylor A., Weigelt P., Guénard B., Economo E.P., Nowak A., Inderjit I., Kreft H. 2023. climate and ant diversity explain the global distribution of ant-plant mutualisms. Ecography 2023: e06841 doi: 10.1111/ecog.06841

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2023-11-09 11:13:45